Spanish prepositions a, de, en, por, para and their equivalents in the Craotian language

Ovo je prvi rad koji se bavi usporedbom španjolskoga i hrvatskoga prijedloţnog sustava te ekvivalentima španjolskih prijedloga u hrvatskom jeziku. Budući da španjolski i hrvatski jezik pripadaju različitim jezičnim skupinama, njihov se cjelokupni ustroj razlikuje. Tako i prijedlozi u ovim dvama jezicima imaju različit opseg upotrebe. U hrvatskom su jeziku prijedlozi vezani uz padeţe i nadopunjavaju ih, dok su u španjolskom jeziku prijedlozi na sebe preuzeli ulogu latinskih padeţa i latinskih prijedloga. Stoga je i upotreba prijedloga u španjolskom jeziku šireg opsega, a njihova uloga u španjolskom jeziku kompleksnija od uloge koju imaju prijedlozi u hrvatskom jeziku. Ovaj se rad sastoji od dvaju dijelova: prvoga, koji je posvećen teorijskim spoznajama vezanima uz prijedloge, i drugoga, koji čini analiza korpusnog istraţivanja. U prvom su dijelu prijedlozi smješteni unutar okvira vrsta riječi (na osnovi morfološkoga, semantičkoga i sintaktičkoga kriterija), navedene su i analizirane neke njihove definicije, govori se o njihovoj funkciji u jeziku i njihovu značenju, koje moţe biti dimenzionalno i nedimenzionalno, te se detaljnije opisuju prijedlozi i njihova funkcija u španjolskom i hrvatskom jeziku. U drugom se dijelu rada opisuju značenja pet najčešće korištenih španjolskih prijedloga (a, de, en, por i para) te se prezentiraju rezultati korpusne analize raĎene na osnovu primjera iz osam djela na španjolskom jeziku i njihovih prijevoda na hrvatski jezik. Nakon analize svakog od prijedloga nalazi se i dio posvećen najčešćim opozicijama izmeĎu pet proučavanih španjolskih prijedloga što dodatno doprinosi razumijevanju značenja navedenih španjolskih prijedloga i njihove upotrebe u španjolskom jeziku. Cilj je rada: I.) navesti što više značenja (leksičkih i funkcionalnih) španjolskih prijedloga a, de, en, por i para, te II.) istraţiti kako se ta značenja izraţavaju u hrvatskom jeziku. Vrlo rijetko se jedna španjolska konstrukcija u hrvatskom jeziku izraţava samo jednom konstrukcijom. U većini se slučajeva jedna španjolska konstrukcija u hrvatskom jeziku izraţava različitim konstrukcijama (ponekad čak s osam različitih konstrukcija).Since Spanish and Croatian belong to different language groups their entire language structures are different. Spanish is an analytic language, so it does not use cases and morphological case endings to determine the noun’s function in a sentence. Croatian, on the other hand, is synthetic, with seven cases and morphological case endings. Precisely because of this difference, prepositions in these two languages have a different scope of use. The aim of this doctoral thesis is: I.) to list as many meanings (lexical and functional) of the five most frequently used Spanish prepositions (a, de, en, por, para), and II.) to explore in which way are those meanings expressed in the Croatian language. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical background and the corpus analysis. The first part, which is dedicated to the theoretical notions related to prepositions, is divided into three major chapters. In the chapter dedicated to prepositions in general there is a description of prepositions based on the morphological, semantic and syntactic criteria, followed by the analysis of some of the definitions of prepositions, and finally an explanation of their function in language and their meanings (dimensional and non-dimensional). The chapter dedicated to the Spanish prepositions starts with a short outline of the history of the Spanish language which contributes to the better understanding of the role the prepositions play in the Spanish language. That chapter includes a description of similarities between prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions, an explanation of the connection between the case system and prepositions, and a brief review of prepositions that no longer function as prepositions and other words which sometimes function as prepositions. That is followed by the classification of types of Spanish prepositions and the inventory of Spanish prepositions, as well as the explanations of which words can function as the governing words and which can function as the governed words. Finally, there is a brief overview of some of the attempts to systematize the Spanish prepositions. The chapter dedicated to the Spanish prepositions ends with a description of the peculiarities of the Spanish prepositions (contraction with the word which follows them, grouped prepositions and the so called zero preposition) and the short review of the study of the Spanish prepositions during the 20 century and after. The chapter dedicated to the Croatian case system and the Croatian prepositions starts with a short description of the case system, which is followed by the description of the prepositions in the Croatian language: classification of the Croatian prepositions based on different criteria and the cases with which the preposition are used. The chapter ends with listing the words which can precede and the words which can follow the Croatian prepositions, and a short overview of the study of prepositions in the Croatian language. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the corpus analysis. Different meanings of each of the Spanish prepositions in question are described by dividing them into dimensional and nondimensional meanings. The description of the prepositional meanings includes the information on which words precede and which words follow a certain preposition in a certain context, because without that information the description would not be complete. The prepositions which can substitute a certain preposition in a certain context are also listed. Each of the meanings of the Spanish prepositions is supported by examples accompanied by their translation into Croatian, which illustrate how a certain meaning of a Spanish preposition is expressed in the Croatian language. The description of the meanings of the Spanish prepositions is taken from Preposiciones: Valores generales by Luque Durán. Since one of the goals of this thesis is to list as many meanings of the aforementioned Spanish prepositions the author of the thesis decided to use Luque Durán’s description because he himself stated (1973:8) that he reduced the complex range of prepositional uses, at the same time describing each preposition with enough detail which enable drawing logical conclusions regarding the uses which are not described. The corpus which is analyzed is made up of examples which illustrate the prepositional meanings described by Luque Durán (and translated into Croatian by the author of the thesis) and sentences or parts of sentences from the following literary works and their translations into Croatian: − Gabriel García Márquez: Del amor y otros demonios / O ljubavi i drugim nečistim silama − Gabriel García Márquez: Crónica de una muerte anunciada / Kronika najavljene smrti − Gabriel García Márquez: El amor en los tiempos del cólera / Ljubav u doba kolere − Gabriel García Márquez: La mala hora / Zla kob − Jorge Luis Borges: El Aleph / Aleph − Jorge Luis Borges: Ficciones / Izmišljaji − Jorge Luis Borges: Historia universal de la infamia / Opća povijest gadosti. The corpus analysis is followed by a part dedicated to the most frequent oppositions between the five Spanish prepositions in question. It does not form part of the corpus analysis and because of that it is not accompanied by the examples from the corpus, but it serves as an addition to the corpus analysis. It is added because emphasizing the oppositions between the prepositions in question additionally sheds light to their meaning and their use in the Spanish language. The Spanish examples are translated into Croatian as to clarify how these oppositions are expressed in the Croatian language. The thesis ends with the conclusions drawn from the analysis which show how certain prepositional meanings in the Spanish language are expressed in the Croatian language. Rarely is one Spanish construction expressed by one Croatian construction. Most often one Spanish construction is expressed by different Croatians constructions (sometimes as many as eight different ones)

Cultivation and Enabling Effects of Social Support and Self-Efficacy in Parent–Child Dyads

Background There are two alternative mechanisms, elucidating the reciprocal relationship between self-efficacy and social support when explaining health outcomes: self-efficacy beliefs may operate as the establisher of social support (the cultivation model) or social support may enable the formation of self-efficacy beliefs (the enabling model). Purpose In line with the cultivation hypothesis, it was tested if self-efficacy (measured in parents and children) would indirectly predict parental and child moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), via the mediator, social support (parent-provided, child-received). In line with the enabling hypothesis, it was tested if social support would predict MVPA indirectly, via the mediator, self-efficacy. Methods A total of 879 parent–child dyads (1758 individuals; 52.4% girls, aged 5–11 years old, 83.2% mothers) provided self-reports at the baseline (T1) and the 7- to 8-month follow-up (T2). Body weight and height were measured objectively. Manifest path analyses were performed, controlling for the baseline levels of the mediator and dependent variables. Results A similar number of significant simple indirect effects was found for the cultivation and the enabling model. Across the models, the indirect effects followed similar patterns: (a) within-individual indirect effects in children; (b) across-individual indirect effects, with the independent variable measured in children and the mediator/dependent variables measured in parents (e.g., child self-efficacy predicted parental support provision and, indirectly, parental MVPA); (c) across-individual indirect effects, accounting for self-efficacy and MVPA measured in children, combined with parental reports of social support. Conclusions The findings provide support for both cultivation and enabling models in the context of MVPA among parent–child dyads

Maternal practices and perceptions of child body mass status explain child energy expenditure behaviors and body mass

This study investigated whether maternal perceptions of child body mass status would predict child body mass index (BMI) z-score via two sets of sequential mediators: (1) four maternal practices promoting child energy expenditure and (2) children’s energy expenditure behaviors. The data of N = 729 mother–child dyads were collected at baseline [T1; n = 495 at 7- to 8-month follow-up (T2)]. Mothers reported perceptions of child body mass status and maternal practices (T1); children reported sedentary screen use and physical activity (T1, T2). Child body mass was assessed objectively (T1, T2). Higher stimulation to be active (T1) was related to a lower child BMI z-score (T2) via higher levels of child physical activity (T2). Higher levels of monitoring of screen use (T1) were associated with higher child BMI z-score (T2) via lower levels of child physical activity (T2). Encouraging parents to stimulate their children to be active may be beneficial for children’s weight maintenance

Reduced expression of innate immunity-related genes in lymph node metastases of luminal breast cancer patients

Immune system plays a dual role in cancer by either targeting or supporting neoplastic cells at various stages of disease, including metastasis. Yet, the exact immune-related transcriptome profiles of primary tumours (PT) and lymph node metastases (LNM) and their evolution during luminal breast cancer (BCa) dissemination remain undiscovered. In order to identify the immune-related transcriptome changes that accompany lymphatic spread, we analysed PT-LNM pairs of luminal BCa using NanoString technology. Decrease in complement C3—one of the top-downregulated genes, in LNM was validated at the protein level using immunohistochemistry. Thirty-three of 360 analysed genes were downregulated (9%), whereas only 3 (0.8%) upregulated in LNM when compared to the corresponding PT. In LNM, reduced expression was observed in genes related to innate immunity, particularly to the complement system (C1QB, C1S, C1R, C4B, CFB, C3, SERPING1 and C3AR1). In validation cohort, complement C3 protein was less frequently expressed in LNM than in PT and it was associated with worse prognosis. To conclude, local expression of the complement system components declines during lymphatic spread of non-metastatic luminal BCa, whilst further reduction of tumoral complement C3 in LNM is indicative for poor survival. This points to context-dependent role of complement C3 in BCa dissemination.publishedVersio

The Interplay Between Strictness of Policies and Individuals’ Self-Regulatory Efforts: Associations with Handwashing During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background Patterns of protective health behaviors, such as handwashing and sanitizing during the COVID-19 pandemic, may be predicted by macro-level variables, such as regulations specified by public health policies. Health behavior patterns may also be predicted by micro-level variables, such as self-regulatory cognitions specified by health behavior models, including the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Purpose This study explored whether strictness of containment and health policies was related to handwashing adherence and whether such associations were mediated by HAPA-specified self-regulatory cognitions. Methods The study (NCT04367337) was conducted among 1,256 adults from Australia, Canada, China, France, Gambia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Singapore, and Switzerland. Self-report data on cross-situational handwashing adherence were collected using an online survey at two time points, 4 weeks apart. Values of the index of strictness of containment and health policies, obtained from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker database, were retrieved twice for each country (1 week prior to individual data collection). Results Across countries and time, levels of handwashing adherence and strictness of policies were high. Path analysis indicated that stricter containment and health policies were indirectly related to lower handwashing adherence via lower self-efficacy and self-monitoring. Less strict policies were indirectly related to higher handwashing adherence via higher self-efficacy and self-monitoring. Conclusions When policies are less strict, exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus might be higher, triggering more self-regulation and, consequently, more handwashing adherence. Very strict policies may need to be accompanied by enhanced information dissemination or psychosocial interventions to ensure appropriate levels of self-regulation

Self-efficacy, planning, or a combination of both? A longitudinal experimental study comparing effects of three interventions on adolescents' body fat

© 2016 Luszczynska et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Background: The superiority of an intervention combining two sets of theory-based behavior change techniques targeting planning and self-efficacy over an intervention targeting planning only or self-efficacy only has rarely been investigated. Purpose: We compared the influence of self-efficacy, planning, and self-efficacy+planning interventions with an education-based control condition on adolescents' body fat, assuming mediating effects of respective social cognitive variables and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The moderating role of the built environment was examined. Methods: Participants (N = 1217, aged 14-18 years) were randomly assigned to four conditions: planning (n = 270), self-efficacy (n = 311), self-efficacy+planning (n = 351), and control (n = 285). The measurement was conducted at baseline (T1), two-month follow-up (T2), and fourteen-month follow-up (T3). Interventions/control group procedures were delivered at T1 and T2. Percent of body fat tissue (measured at T1 and T3) was themain outcome. Social cognitive mediators (self-efficacy and planning) were assessed at T1 and T2. The behavioralmediator (MVPA) and the presence of built MVPA facilities (the moderator) were evaluated at T1 and T3. Results: Similar small increases of body fat were found across the three intervention groups, but the increment of body fat was significantly larger in the control group. On average, differences between control and intervention groups translated to approximately 1% of body fat. Effects of the interventions on body fat were mediated by relevant social cognitive variables and MVPA. A lower increase of body fat was found among intervention group participants who had access to newly-built MVPA facilities. Conclusions: We found no superiority of an intervention targeting two social cognitive variables over the intervention targeting one cognition only

Moving Just Like You: Motor Interference Depends on Similar Motility of Agent and Observer

Recent findings in neuroscience suggest an overlap between brain regions involved in the execution of movement and perception of another’s movement. This so-called “action-perception coupling” is supposed to serve our ability to automatically infer the goals and intentions of others by internal simulation of their actions. A consequence of this coupling is motor interference (MI), the effect of movement observation on the trajectory of one’s own movement. Previous studies emphasized that various features of the observed agent determine the degree of MI, but could not clarify how human-like an agent has to be for its movements to elicit MI and, more importantly, what ‘human-like’ means in the context of MI. Thus, we investigated in several experiments how different aspects of appearance and motility of the observed agent influence motor interference (MI). Participants performed arm movements in horizontal and vertical directions while observing videos of a human, a humanoid robot, or an industrial robot arm with either artificial (industrial) or human-like joint configurations. Our results show that, given a human-like joint configuration, MI was elicited by observing arm movements of both humanoid and industrial robots. However, if the joint configuration of the robot did not resemble that of the human arm, MI could longer be demonstrated. Our findings present evidence for the importance of human-like joint configuration rather than other human-like features for perception-action coupling when observing inanimate agents

The Interplay Between Strictness of Policies and Individuals' Self-Regulatory Efforts: Associations with Handwashing During the COVID-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND: Patterns of protective health behaviors, such as handwashing and sanitizing during the COVID-19 pandemic, may be predicted by macro-level variables, such as regulations specified by public health policies. Health behavior patterns may also be predicted by micro-level variables, such as self-regulatory cognitions specified by health behavior models, including the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). PURPOSE: This study explored whether strictness of containment and health policies was related to handwashing adherence and whether such associations were mediated by HAPA-specified self-regulatory cognitions. METHODS: The study (NCT04367337) was conducted among 1,256 adults from Australia, Canada, China, France, Gambia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Singapore, and Switzerland. Self-report data on cross-situational handwashing adherence were collected using an online survey at two time points, 4 weeks apart. Values of the index of strictness of containment and health policies, obtained from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker database, were retrieved twice for each country (1 week prior to individual data collection). RESULTS: Across countries and time, levels of handwashing adherence and strictness of policies were high. Path analysis indicated that stricter containment and health policies were indirectly related to lower handwashing adherence via lower self-efficacy and self-monitoring. Less strict policies were indirectly related to higher handwashing adherence via higher self-efficacy and self-monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: When policies are less strict, exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus might be higher, triggering more self-regulation and, consequently, more handwashing adherence. Very strict policies may need to be accompanied by enhanced information dissemination or psychosocial interventions to ensure appropriate levels of self-regulation

Physical Activity, Positive and Negative Symptoms of Psychosis, and General Psychopathology among People with Psychotic Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

Objective: Existing reviews provided evidence for the associations between higher physical activity (PA) and lower negative symptoms of psychosis among people with schizophrenia. This meta-analysis goes beyond existing syntheses and investigates associations between PA, positive and negative symptoms of psychosis, as well as symptoms of general psychopathology (referring mostly to cognitive functioning) among people with schizophrenia, but also other psychotic disorders. The moderating roles of the type of diagnosis and the type of exercise intervention were explored. Methods: The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018118236). Six electronic databases were searched; n = 27 experimental and observational studies were included, and psychotic symptoms-related data were recorded in one direction (higher values indicate better mental health and lower symptomatology). Results: Higher levels of PA (or participating in PA interventions) were associated with better mental health, that is, lower levels of positive symptoms (all studies: r = 0.170; experimental studies: SMD = 0.677), negative symptoms (all studies: r = 0.214; experimental studies: SMD = 0.838), and general psychopathology (all studies: r = 0.451; experimental studies: SMD = 1.511). The type of diagnosis (schizophrenia vs. other psychotic disorders) did not moderate these associations. Conclusions: We found a consistent pattern of associations between higher levels of PA and lower positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms in people with schizophrenia and those with other psychotic disorders

Control Strategies and Daily Affect

Abstract. Adjusting strategies to manage daily goal pursuit with new functional limitations may impact not only the affect of patients, but also that of their partners. Associations between patients’ control strategies and both partners’ affect were examined at the onset of patients’ incontinence following prostatectomy. Eight-day diary data from 180 heterosexual couples were used to fit two-level models. In patients, investing personal resources to keep up goal pursuit despite incontinence (selective primary control) was associated with better affect, particularly when incontinence was pronounced. Yet, partners’ decreased negative affect coincided with patients’ asking for help and using technical aids (compensatory primary control) when the incontinence was severe. Patients and partners may benefit from different control strategies used by patients, especially when their functional limitations are pronounced